Irrigation water is the lifeline of Pakistan’s agriculture, supporting more than 90% of the cultivated land, predominantly through the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS). While water is often perceived as…
Drainage is a fundamental component of irrigated agriculture, particularly in Pakistan, where approximately 90% of cultivated land relies on irrigation, predominantly through the Indus Basin Irrigation System. While irrigation increases…
Pressurized irrigation systems—including sprinkler, drip, and micro-irrigation—represent a modern alternative to traditional flood and furrow irrigation. They deliver water under controlled pressure directly to crops, enabling precise irrigation, efficient water…
Surface irrigation—where water flows over fields by gravity—is the most prevalent irrigation method in Pakistan, serving the majority of the irrigated area. Its adoption is largely due to low initial…
Water is the most critical input in agriculture, and its efficient management is essential for sustainable crop production. Crop water requirement (CWR) refers to the amount of water a crop…
Agriculture is a complex system where soil, water, plants, and the atmosphere interact continuously. This interaction, often termed the soil-water-plant-atmosphere continuum (SWPAC), governs plant growth, irrigation efficiency, and ultimately crop…
Land is the most critical resource in agriculture, and its management directly determines crop yields, water efficiency, and long-term sustainability. In Pakistan, large tracts of agricultural land suffer from uneven…
Irrigation pumping systems form the backbone of agricultural water management, especially in regions where rainfall is insufficient or erratic. These systems are designed to lift water from surface sources (rivers,…
The quality of irrigation water plays a decisive role in determining crop yields, soil health, and long-term agricultural sustainability. While water quantity often gets more attention, its quality is equally…
Water is one of the most precious resources in Pakistan’s agriculture, yet its management often suffers from inefficiency and disputes. Accurate gauging and flow measurement are the backbone of fair…
1. Introduction: Why Irrigation Scheduling Matters Water is the most critical input for agriculture, but it is also the most mismanaged. In countries like Pakistan, where irrigation consumes nearly 90%…
Pakistan’s agricultural economy heavily depends on irrigation, and while canal and groundwater systems dominate the landscape, there are unique and traditional water management systems that still serve millions of farmers…